Abdur Razzaq
During the period of Deva Raya II, Abdur Razzak visited the city. Abdur Razzak visited this city after Nicolo De Conti who was visited 20 years ago. He was entrusted with an embassy from Persia, and set out on his mission on 1442 A.D January 13th. At the beginning of November on the same year he arrived at Calicut, where he resided till the beginning of 1443 A.D. April. Being there he was summoned to Vijayanagara, traveled everywhere, and was in the grand city from the ending of April - 5th December of the same year. You may ask why he left from Calicut, the following details are collected…
"On a sudden a man arrived who brought me the intelligence that the king of Bidjanagar, who holds a dominant kingdom and a strong authority under his way, and entrusted and sent him to the Sameri as entrust, Charged with a letter in which he desired that he would send on to him the representative of His Majesty, the happy Khakhan (the king of Persia).
Even though the Sameri is not subject to the laws of the king of Bidjanagar, he all the same pays him respect and stands tremendously in fear of him, but, if what is said is factual, this latter prince has in his dominions 300 ports, each of them which is equivalent to the city of Calicut, and on Terra Firma his territories consist of a space of 3 months of journey."
Respect to this request, Abdur Razzak who was staying in Calicut left from their and went to Mangalore by sea, "which forms the border of the kingdom of Bidjanagar." Abdur Razzak stayed their for nearly two - three days and then journeyed inland, by passing many towns and cities, and in the middle of he saw a astonishing temple made up of bronze. After seeing this temple he mentions that, "At length I came to a mountain whose apex reached the skies. Having left this peak and the forest behind me I reached a town namely known as Belur, the houses of which looked like palaces." In Belur he saw a temple that is sculptured beautifully.
"At the end of the month of April 1443A.D, we arrived at the city of Bidjanagar. The king sent huge corteges to meet us, and selected us a very attractive house for our living, His dominion extends from the boundary of Serendib to the extremities of the country of Gulbarga(before it was known as Kalbergah).
One can see they’re more than thousands of elephants, in their size similar to like a mountains and in their form resembling Devils. There was Eleven Lakhs (nearly $2,085) number of troops. One may seek in abortive the whole time the whole of Hindustan to find out more complete RAI, for the royals of this country bear the title of RAI".
Two eyes not seen a place like Bidjanagar, and the ear of intellect has never been informed that their existed anything to equal it around the whole world. It is built in such a way that there were seven citadels, the same number of walls encloses each other. The first citadel stones are like a height of a man, one half of which is sunk in the ground whereas the other half citadels rises above it. These are fixed one beside the other in such a way that no horse or a foot soldier could bravely or with ease move toward the citadel."
Abdur Razzaq illustrates the outer citadel as a "fortress of round shape, built on the summit of a mountain, and constructed of stones and lime. It has very solid gates, the guards of which are continuously at their post, and examine everything with severe inspection." These passages have to refer to the outer line of wall, since Razzaq's "seventh stronghold" is the innermost of all. There were guards at the gates were doubtless the officers entrusted with the collection of the Octroi duties. Sir Henry Elliot's version adds to the passage as quoted the words, -- "they collect the JIZYAT or taxes."
"The seventh fortress is to the north, and is the palace of the king. The distance between the opposite gates of the outer fort north and south is two passages (nearly seven to eight miles), and from the same east to west."
"The gap which separates the first fort from the second, and upto the third fortress, full is filled with cultivated lands, with houses and also with gardens. From the third space to the seventh space, one meets a numerous crowd of community, with so many shops, and also with a bazaar. From the king's palace are four bazaars, located opposite to each other. On the north is the portico of the palace of the RAI. On top of each bazaar in the palace is a haughty shopping arcade with a glorious gallery, but the audience hall of the king's palace is prominent above all the rest. The bazaars are extremely lengthy and broad."
"The flowers like Roses are sold all over the place. This public could not live without rose flower, and they look upon them as pretty as necessary like a food.... Each class of men belonging to each occupation has shops adjacent to one to the other, the Jewelers were selling publicly in the bazaars like a vegetables the Jewelers like Pearls, Emeralds, Rubies, and Diamonds were selling the bazaar. In this broad zone, as well as in the king's palace, one sees several running canals and streams created of a chiseled stone, polished and also with smooth."
Here king’s palace behind there was house and hall allotted to the Daniak, to the left side of the said palace is the Mint. In the king's palace are several cells, like basins, filled with bullion, forming one mass. This kingdom contains so great number of population that it would be unfeasible to give an idea of it without inflowing into far-reaching details.
Opposite the DIVAN-KHANEH, he continues, are the quarters of the elephants. "Each elephant has a separate partition, the walls of this partitions are extremely hard and the roof composed with a strong pieces of wood. Opposite the Mint is the house of the Governor, where are stationed 12,000 soldiers on guard. Behind the Mint is a sort of bazaar, which is more than 300 Ghez in length, more than twenty in breadth.
Both sides are ranged houses, in front was erected, instead of benches, several lofty seats were constructed with beautiful stones. On the two sides of the street formed by the chambers are represented with the figures of panthers, lions and with other animals. Thrones and seats are placed on the platforms, and the courtesans seat themselves thereon, decorated with fine gems. The author took up his abode in a supercilious house, which had been allotted to him, on the 1st day of Muharram (1443, May 1)
"One day some messengers sent from the fort of the king came to see me, and at the close of the same day I presented myself at court. The prince was seated in a hall, bounded by the most magnificent attributes of state. Left and Right of him stood a massive crowd of men arranged in a ring. The king was dressed in a housecoat of green satin; around his neck he was woreing a collar, collected of pearls of beautiful water, and with all other types of splendid gems. He had an olive skin, his edge was thin, and he was rather tall, on his cheeks might be seen a slight down, hut there was no beard on his chin. The expression of his countenance was tremendously pleasurable."
In the front of this place rose a palace with nine pavilions admirably bejeweled. On the ninth day the king's throne was set up. In the seventh was allotted a place to the humble author of this narrative. Between the palace and the pavilions, were musicians and storytellers.
"There the throne, which was of bizarre size, was made up of gold and enriched with all types of precious stones which is farthest value. Before the throne there was a square cushion on the edges of which were sown 3 rows of pearls."
The above explanation given by the above famous travelers really tells us the splendors of the great Hindu Capital in the first half of the fifteenth century.
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